This is a working overview of CJC-1295, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2025-10-12 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Water solubility | Soluble | May need a small organic co-solvent |
| Purity assessment | Chromatographic peak area | Most certificates report a percentage figure |
| Storage temperature | Minus 20 C or lower | Dry, dark, sealed container |
| Identity check | Electrospray mass spectrometry | Compared against theoretical mass |
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard tool for purity assessment. The technique separates the target peptide from truncated or modified byproducts. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight and supports sequence verification. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption are both used. Amino acid analysis provides an independent check on composition. Purity values are commonly reported as area percentage from the chromatogram. Residual trifluoroacetate and water content are also measured in many quality programs.
Batch-to-batch consistency depends on solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent purification. Coupling efficiency, resin choice, and cleavage conditions all affect the final profile. Counter-ion content and moisture can shift the apparent mass of a batch. Documentation typically includes a certificate of analysis with chromatograms and spectra. Independent verification by a second laboratory is sometimes requested. Whether a given certificate reflects the actual vial contents depends on chain of custody. Analytical methods themselves carry uncertainty that should be stated alongside results.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
=== 1.4a === DisplayPort version 1.4a was published in April 2018. VESA made no official press release for this version. It updated DisplayPort's Display Stream Compression implementation from DSC 1.2 to 1.2a.
== Routes of administration == Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are administered intravenously and intramuscularly. Some are used in topical preparations for wounds. Oral administration can be used for gut decontamination (e.g., in hepatic encephalopathy). Tobramycin may be administered in a nebulized form.
=== Weaning === Weaning is the process of replacing breast milk with other foods; the infant is fully weaned after the replacement is complete. Psychological factors affect the weaning process for both mother and infant, as issues of closeness and separation are very prominent. Unless a medical emergency necessitates abruptly stopping breastfeeding, it is best to gradually increase the period between feedings or eliminate feedings to allow the breasts to adjust to the decreased demands without becoming engorged. Studies show that a large number of women discontinue breastfeeding early due to lack of working place support for breastfeeding mothers. La Leche League advises parents to shift their children's focus at bedtime away from breastfeeding, as it is often the most difficult feeding for them to let go. If weaning starts at 12 months or later, it is not necessary to switch to infant formula or "toddler formula" as is sold commercially. At 12 months, it is recommended that the baby be switched to whole cow's milk. Reduced-fat or skim milk generally is not appropriate before age 2 because it lacks sufficient fat or calories to promote early brain development. If the mother was experiencing lactational amenorrhea, periods will begin to return with weaning, along with restored fertility.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Mechanical bonding effects on non-covalent interactions === The strength of non-covalent interactions in a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture increases as compared to the non-mechanically bonded analogues. This increased strength is demonstrated by the necessity of harsher conditions to remove a metal template ion from catenanes as opposed to their non-mechanically bonded analogues. This effect is referred to as the "catenand effect". The augmented non-covalent interactions in interlocked systems compared to non-interlocked systems has found utility in the strong and selective binding of a range of charged species, enabling the development of interlocked systems for the extraction of a range of salts. This increase in strength of non-covalent interactions is attributed to the loss of degrees of freedom upon the formation of a mechanical bond. The increase in strength of non-covalent interactions is more pronounced on smaller interlocked systems, where more degrees of freedom are lost, as compared to larger mechanically interlocked systems where the change in degrees of freedom is lower. Therefore, if the ring in a rotaxane is made smaller the strength of non-covalent interactions increases, the same effect is observed if the thread is made smaller as well.
== Cultural representations == Franz Joseph figures prominently in Joseph Roth's novel Radetzky March. On screen, he was played by Karlheinz Böhm in the 1955 Austrian romance Sissi and its two sequels, Sissi: Die Junge Kaiserin (1956) and Sissi: Schicksalsjahre einer Kaiserin (1957); by Jean Dax and James Mason respectively in the 1936 and 1968 films Mayerling; and by Basil Sidney in the 1957 TV drama of the same name. In the 1974 BBC miniseries Fall of Eagles, he was portrayed by Lawrence Naismith in three early episodes and Maurice Denham in two latter ones. Franz Joseph is also a principal character in Kenneth MacMillan's 1978 ballet Mayerling.
== Clinical significance == Patients with idiopathic achalasia show a significant difference in the distribution of SNPs affecting VIPR1. VIP and PACAP levels were decreased in anterior vaginal wall of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse patients, they may participate in the pathophysiology of these diseases.
=== G04BX Other urologicals === G04BX01 Magnesium hydroxide G04BX03 Acetohydroxamic acid G04BX06 Phenazopyridine G04BX10 Succinimide G04BX11 Collagen G04BX12 Phenyl salicylate G04BX13 Dimethyl sulfoxide G04BX14 Dapoxetine G04BX15 Pentosan polysulfate sodium G04BX16 Tiopronin G04BX17 Sodium salicylate and methenamine QG04BX56 Phenazopyridine, combinations QG04BX90 Ephedrine QG04BX91 Phenylpropanolamine
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Warfare and weapons === At RAF Bomber Command, Dyson and colleagues proposed removing two gun turrets from Avro Lancaster bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses due to German fighters in the Battle of Berlin. A Lancaster without turrets could fly 50 mph (80 km/h) faster and be much more manoeuvrable.
== References == "Wife Stricken in War-Torn China, Husband Develops Own Insulin Lab". Kentucky New Era. 1951-11-06. p. 14. Mclean, Radha (2002), Eva's Insulin Hirsch, James (2006), Cheating Destiny: Living with Diabetes, America's biggest epidemic, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 0-618-51461-9
Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system, which consists of about two dozen sympathetic chain ganglia located next to the spinal cord, plus a set of prevertebral ganglia located in the chest and abdomen. These sympathetic ganglia are connected to numerous organs, including the eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, liver, gallbladder, stomach, intestines, kidneys, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, muscles, skin, and adrenal glands. Sympathetic activation of the adrenal glands causes the part called the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine (as well as epinephrine) into the bloodstream, from which, functioning as a hormone, it gains further access to a wide variety of tissues. Broadly speaking, the effect of norepinephrine on each target organ is to modify its state in a way that makes it more conducive to active body movement, often at a cost of increased energy use and increased wear and tear. This can be contrasted with the acetylcholine-mediated effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, which modifies most of the same organs into a state more conducive to rest, recovery, and digestion of food, and usually less costly in terms of energy expenditure. The sympathetic effects of norepinephrine include:
A PEGylated lipid is used as an excipient in both the Moderna vaccine and the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Both RNA vaccines consist of Messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids. Proprietary lipid technology is used for each. In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol. As of December 2020, there is some concern that PEG could trigger an allergic reaction, as appears to have occurred by 19 December, in at least three "Alaska health care worker" people who were administered the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. The particular PEGylated molecule in the Moderna vaccine is known as DMG-PEG 2000. Pegvaliase (Biomarin) – PEGylated recombinant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase for the treatment of Phenylketonuria, approved by the FDA for the US in May 2018. Adynovate – PEGylated Antihemophilic Factor VIII for the treatment of patients with hemophilia A. (Baxalta, 2015) Irinotecan liposome (Onivyde) – PEGylated liposomal irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer in adults proceeding treatment with gemcitabine-based therapy. (Ipsen, 2015) Plegridy – PEGylated Interferon Beta-1a for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. (Biogen, 2014) Naloxegol (Movantik) – PEGylated naloxol for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in adults patients with chronic non-cancer pain (un-pegylated methadone can cause adverse gastrointestinal reactions).
=== Biofilm formation === Pseudomonas syringae produces polysaccharides which allow it to adhere to the surface of plant cells. It also releases quorum sensing molecules, which allows it to sense the presence of other bacterial cells nearby. If these molecules pass a threshold level, the bacteria change their pattern of gene expression to form a biofilm and begin expression of virulence-related genes. The bacteria secrete highly viscous compounds such as polysaccharides and DNA to create a protective environment in which to grow.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The mass difference from the linker is large enough for routine detection by mass spectrometry. The unconjugated form gives a single sharp signal at its expected weight. Material that has already reacted with albumin shows a much higher mass and a broadened chromatographic peak.
Yes. Degradation proceeds faster once the powder is dissolved, especially at room temperature or after multiple freeze and thaw cycles. Working solutions are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Lyophilized powder held cold and dry retains its properties far longer.
Truncated sequences, oxidized residues and aggregated forms can all elute near the main peak. Reversed phase chromatography resolves many of these species, so the number of peaks is a useful indicator of synthesis quality. A single peak does not by itself prove correct sequence, which is why mass confirmation is paired with it.
It is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone. The molecule is used in research on pituitary growth hormone secretion. It differs from the natural hormone through several stabilizing substitutions.